Automatic machine for applying longitudinally and spirally laid coated cords or threads to produce a fabric.



1 mfiu mm a, y mjw 5 w M a m a m GORDS 0R THREADS T0 PRODUCE A FABRIC. APPLICATION FILED JULY 13, 1908.

E D O BAYNE & L A SUBERS AUTOMATIG MACHINE FOR APPLYING LONGITUDINALLY AND SPIRALLY LAID COATED E 1). 0. BAYNE & L. A. SUBERS. AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR APPLYING LONGITUDINALLY AND SPIRALLY LAID COATED nouns 0R THREADS T0 PRODUCE A FABRIC. APPLICATION FILED JULY 13, 1908. 990,694 Patented Apr. 25, 1911.

5 SKEETS-SHEET 2.

E. D. C. BAYNE & L. A. SUBE'RS. AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR APPLYING LONGITUDINALLY AND SPIRALLY LAID COATED OORDS THE S PRODUGE A FABRIC. A IUAT F D JULY 13, 1908.

Patnted Apr. 25, 1911.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

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E. D. O. BAYNE & L. A. SUBERS. AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR APPLYING LONGII'UDINALLY AND SPIRALLY LAID COATED GORDS 0R THREADS T0 PRODUCE A FABRIC.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 13, 1908.

Patented Apr. 25, 1911.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

E. D. 0. BAYNE & L. A. SUBERS. ,FOR APPLYING LONGITUDINALLY AND SPIRALLY LAID COATED corms OR THREADS T0 PRODUCE A FABRIC.

AUTOMATIC MACHINE APPLICATION FILED JULY 13, 1908.

Patented Apr. 25, 1911.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

MNQ NN S R \WNNR DUKN for producing a tubular fabric for UNITED STATES r TENT OFFICE.

EUGENE D. C. BAYNE AND LAWRENCE A. SUBERS, 0F CLEVELAND, OHIO.

AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR APPLYING LONG-ITUDINALLY AND ,SPIRALLY LAID COATED CORDS OR THREADS TO PRODUCE A FABRIC.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Apr. 25, 1911.

Application filed July 13, 1908. Serial No.443,372.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, EUGENE D. C. BAYNE and LAWRENCE A. Sonnns, citizens of the United States, and residents of Cleveland, in the county of Cuyahoga and State of Ohio, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Automatic Machines for Applying Longitudinally and SpirallyLaid Coated Cords or Threads to Produce a Fabric, of which we hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact. description, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appcrtains to make and use the same.

The objects of the invention are to provide automatically acting instrumentalities and analogous tubing, and particularly tubing adapted to sustain a high degree of internal pressure, and is similar to the fabric described in various forms in our former Letters Patent of the United States, hearing No. 885,219 and date of April 21. 1908, and in our application for Letters Patent of the United Statesbearing Serial No. 428,015, and produced from coated cords or threads similar to those protected by prior applications for Letters Patent of the United States bearing Serial Numbers, 380,40l and 411,960. This fabric is not woven or knit and is composed of alternating longitudinal and spiral, adhering layers of coeds or threads, each of which-is coated with an adhesive, compressible, vulcanizable and non-fibrous material, such as rubber.

The cords or threads in one layer are laid in parallel closely adjacent rows which adhere together, and the several layers of cords or threads adhere together. The adjoining layers of cords or threads cross each other at an angle and are attached together only by the adhesion of their coatings, which when vulcanized separate the several cords or threads from actual frictional contact with each other in the same layer and from actual contact from those of adjoining layers, so that a unitary fabric is produced, characterized by great tensile strength and of unusual flexibility.

The coatings of the cords or threads are sticky and hence the cords or threads are diflicult to handle and each cord or thread fire hose,

must be individually applied in its exact position to form the fabric, and with a suitable pressure so that a perfectly smooth even surface will be produced. To insure this result the cords or threads are previously molded under pressure to solidify the coatings, as described in our former applications hereinbefore referred to.

The various instrumentalities employed to apply the several cords or threads in the exact position where they may permanently remain, comprise, First A polished receiving member or rotatable forming tube upon which a section of prescribed length of tubing can be produced. Second: Spring pressed polished and grooved disks or director wheels by means of which the several cords or threads are applied to the forming tube. Third: Longitudinally reciprocating instrumentalities for moving said director wheels to apply the cords or threads in their places upon the forming tube. Fourth Means for continuously rotating the formin tube in conjunction with the longitudina movement of one set of director wheels, to apply a transverse or spiral winding of cords or threads thereon. Fifth: Means for giving an intermittent rotation to the forming tube in conjunction with the longitudinal reciprocating movement of another set of director wheels, to apply a longitudinal coating of parallel cords or threads thereon. Sixth: Mechanism for controlling the longitudinal distance traversed by the director wheels to produce a fabric of predetermined length, for varying the intermittent rotary movement of the forming tube to accol modate it to receiving varying sizes of cord or thread and to forming tubular fabrics of gitudina'l application of the cord or thread, broken away to show the clutches for reversing the movements of the shaft and forming tube; Fig. 2is aplan view of the.

same; Fig. 3 isan end view of the device showing-the reversing gear for the screw shaft controllin the movements of the car riage for the director wheel which applies the spiral winding; Fig. Lisa transverse section through the machine on line 11 Fig. 1, showing a side elevation of the carrier'forthe director wheel which applies the spiral winding; Fi 4: is a plan .view of the said director whee and, support therefor; Fig. 4 is a vertical section of the carrier and adjustable .support for the director wheels shown in F ig. 4; Fig. .5 is a trans verse section 'on line 2 2 Fig. 1 showing a side elevation of the carriage for the director wheel which applies the longitudinal 7 layers; Fig. 5 is an enlarged transverse sec- ,tion of the forming tube, upon which the block and guides; Fig. 5' is a detail of screw and roller which operates in the -worm slot of the actuating shaft for the longitudinal layer of cord or thread; Fig. 5 is a erspective View of the cam for operating t e cord orthread holding finger; Fig. 6 is a transverse section on l ne 3+3 Fig. 1 through the machine showingthe driving and reversing gear for theworm shaft WhlCll operates the carriage of'longitudinally' laying director v operating the reversing device for the worm wheel; Fig. 7 is a transverse section on line 4.-4 Fi 1 showing ratchet and awl operating device for rotating the forming tube; Fig. 8 is a transverse section on-line 5-5 Fig. 1 showing the shifting rod and arm for shaft an for operating the pawl and ratchet mechanism ;.-Figs. 9 and 10 are transverse sections and Fig.11 is a longitudinal sec-- tion of the worm shaft for operating the carrier and director wheels which a ply the longitudinal layer of cords or threa s-shmw ing in detail the forked rod for operating a cam which moves the ratchet and operating.

' device therefor, and which also-operates the reversing devices therefor; Fig. 11 is also a transverse section thereof; Fig. 12 is an ed e view of one fork of said rod; Figs. 13 an 14: are side elevations of a device for applying two cords or threads simultaneously to the formin tube, the first being adapted for spiral an the second for longitudinal sired allowin sufiicient len "th to form loo )S 5 h 1 application of the cord or thread; Fig. 15

is a lon itudinal horizontal section showing the ski ting rod and forked rod upon the .worm shaft and in detail the mechanism adapted to reverse the movement thereof,

and also to operate the feed ratchets therefor; Fig. 16 is a side elevation of cam fin er foroperating the spring catch in the device adapted to operate the shifting arm for reversm the direction of said worm shaft. Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section showing the extremities of the mandrel, and mode of securing the same in socket bearin s; Fig. 18 is a detail view of the worm sha t.

In these views A is the forming tube or receiving member u on which the cords or threads are applie preferably, in alternate longitudinal and s iral layers to form a tubular fabric. It 1s detachably secured between the sections A. and A of the main A and A and a nut and a lock nut A A upon the threaded portion A of the main shaft; as shown in detail in Fig. 17. The

sections of the main shaft are mounted in or- .dinary pedestal bearings A and A each having a circumferential -groove 13 adapted to receive and guide the cord or thgead to its exact position on the forming tu e.

' The cord or thread B passes over suitable grooved guide wheels B and B and is led between the director wheels B and B so as to alternately engage therewith according to the directlon of the movement taken by these wheels in traversing the forming tube. These director wheels are preferably horizontal and are mounted upon a spring pressed pin B, longitudinally movable in a vertical adjust-able support 13, mounted in .turn upon the carriage B which traverses the forming tube with a reci1 rocating movement equal to the length 0 the fabric de- B at the en s of the tubular fabric. The carriage B moves longitudinally upon the guide shaft B and is given a reciprocatin movement by means of a roller B mounte upon a pin 13, adjustably secured in said carriage, which engages the. groove of a worm shaft 13 mounted parallel to'the main shaft A in 'the machine.

The mechanism for reversing the movements ofthe carriage B and for determining the length of the travel in both directions'is shown in Figs. 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 16, to be constructed 'and arranged as follows: C and C are spur gears mounted upon thehub of the driving pulley C one on each side of the pulley. This pulley C is free to rotate on the main shaft. The gears C andC are provided with clutch teeth at C and C respectively in the .inner surfaces of their rims. Slidingly mounted upon the shaft is a bar C engaging by means of depressions C the extremities of rock arms C and C pivoted upon the hub, which are adapted to alternately engage with the clutch teeth C and C, and rotate them with the pulley.

Referring to Fig. 1 the gear C engages the gear C upon the worm shaft B and is adapted to rotate it in one direction while the gear C operatesthe gear C upon the shaft B through the intermediate gear C and rotates the shaft in the opposite direction.

To control the length of longitudinal movement of the carriage B and to automatically reverse its movements at the proper moment, the shifting rod D is provided, upon which are shown the adjustable collars D and D This rod passes through the carriage B and is operated by the carriage as the carriage strikes alternately upon the collars. to operate the reversing mechanism, which comprises, an arm D which engages a sleeve D upon the main shaft. This sleeve by means of a raised rim D engages a groove D in the outer end of the sliding bar C and operates the rock arms C and C previously described.

The shifting arm D engagesat its lower end the sleeve D longitudinally movable upon the screw shaft 13. Two collars D and D are mounted loosely upon the worm shaft, one on each side of the sleeve D l pon the edges of these collars are mounted the spring catches D and D as'shown in Fig. 15. These spring catches are provided with short cross arms D and D which are I alternately engaged and pressed away, (together with the catches), from the set collars, by the inclined faces-D and D on arms D, which project from the shifting rod D. The spring catches are adapted to alternately engage the edges of the set collars D and D upon the worm shaft and to secure the shifting device and prevent re-,

lease of the parts until the again thrown back.

In Fig. 15 the spring catch D is shown in engagement with the disk D and the inshifting rod is clined face D will engage the cross arm D and depress the catch D as soon as the shifting rod is thrown back again. A forked bar D mounted in longitudinal grooves D in the screw shaft B alternately moves the collars D and D (D) by means of nuts D upon bolts D adjustable in longitudinal slots D in the arms of the bar. These nuts slide in grooves D in the sleeve D.

This shifting rod D is designed collar D The bar is operated by the rigid arm D engaging the head D of the forked bar. (Refer, also to Fig. 10.) The coiled springs D throw the sleeve D in alternate directions assoon as the catches and collars are released.

The ratchet device for giving an intermittent rotary movement to the main shaft and forming tube, is constructed as follows, and must be timed to correspond with the reversing of the direction of rotation of the worm shaft 13. The ratchets E may be of any required number and are detachably secured upon a sleeve E longitudinally adjustable upon themain shaft. This device operates as follows: When the shifting rod D is moved to the left in Fig. 15, the arm D will move the forked bar D and through'the agency of the nuts D will move the collar D to the left and compress one of the springs D and the movement is continued until the spring catch D engages the set Meanwhile the inclined surface D is depressing the spring catch D and as soon as the spring catch D has engaged the set collar D, the spring catch D will have been released from the set collar D and the coiled spring D at the right of the sleeve D will then expand and move the collar D and thereby the sleeve D and throw the shifting arm D The reverse movement of the arm D is obtained in the same manner. The number of teeth upon the several ratchets varies to correspond with the diameter of the tube to be made and with predetermined diameter of the cords or threads to be applied, the requirement being that the cords or threads should be laid perfectly parallel and close enough together to adhere. The ratchets are engaged by the tangentially movable pawl E and the sleeve E and ratchets E can be moved along the shaft so that any desired ratchet may come into engagementwvith the pawl. The pawl E is movably mounted in the bearing E and a flat spring E at one side gives resiliency thereto. The pawl is periodically raised to operate the ratchet by means of the cam E upon a sleeve E adjustably secured to the arms of the forked bar D 7 by means of bolts X adjustable in slots E in the forked bar and entering an annular groove E in the sleeve E. The cam E is shown to be an adjustable screw pin with a slotted head in which a lug E projecting from an arm of the pawl is inserted, thus preventing the cam sleeve from revolving with the shaft. A number of detachable cams E can be kept in stock and beinserted in the sleeve if it is desired to vary the action in lieu of the one shown Two slots at right angles to each other in the cam head are shown for convenience in adjustment, since then a quarter turn thereof can be made at a time. A

j" I spring E upon the stem of the pawl returns it'when it has been lifted by .the cam.

. the longitudinal layers of cords. or threads to the forming tube, and also an intermittent rotary movement is imparted to the latter at the time that the movement of the carriageis reversed.

' As soon as the carriage begins-its return movement after one length of cord or thread has been laid, it is necessary to provide means for holding the looped end while the return movement'thereof is made. .This is accomplished by means of a pivoted finger F. which is pressed upon by a spring F v so as to tightly hold the cord or thread just laid at the end and prevent its being carried back again. The finger is pivotally mount ed upon a longitudinally adjustable support F and is thrown back from the cord or thread-at the proper moment just before the reverse movement occurs, by means of the which is mounted upon a spring F so that cam block is mounted in a sliding plate F.

'it' can .be depressed and the spring is supportedby'the carriage. The spring pressed finger is released to engage the cord as soon as the cam block passes and in the return movement of the carriage the lower end of the finger engages an inclined upper surface F upon the. cam block and depresses the block, so that the finger can readily pass, Without releasing the cord or thread. The

mounted in guides F so that it can be adjusted to its reguired'position in the carriage-B See Figs. 5, 5 5?, 5, 5, 5, and 5 When a spiral layer is being applied on the forming tube the, carriage G is employed. (See-Fig. 4). This is provided with two director wheels G andG between' which the coated cord or thread G passes, so that it can. be applied to either director wheel a'ccording to the direction of rotation of the formingtube, which is in continuous rotation when winding the spiral layers. The

' director wheels are mounted u on a spring. pressed pin G and stand vertically. They 'are similar in shape to the director wheels for laying the longitudinal cords or threads.

- movement by means of the screw threaded- The support G for the spring pressed pin .G" is secured adjustably in the. carriage G which is given a longitudinal reciprocating and G which move in opposite directions and a central idler G is shown between them. Reverse direction of movement can be given by means of a crossed belt, or any other ordinary mechanical device. The carriage B is also su ported upon the track G by means of a sli ing bearing G In Figs. 13 and. 14 is shown a double arrangement of director wheels H and H adapted to wind two cords or threads simultaneously. Here the supports are practically the same, except that they are ada ed for two sets of guide wheels H and a v and the director wheels are preferably set radially to the axis of the windin or forming shaft, so that their grooved e ges shall be as close as possible together. This device can be used for either circumferential or longitudinal winding by giving a horizontal or vertical position to the director wheels. In Fig. 13 the director wheels are shown vertically placed for applying two cords or threads simultaneously. to the forming tube and in Fig. 14 they are shown horizontally arranged to apply two cords or threads longitudinally of the forming tube. The same device is'by adjustment adaptable for both purposes.

We do not confine ourselves to the exact details of construction or arrangement of the various parts, and the addition of duplicate winding shafts-and reciprocating carriages ably running in opposite directions.

and director wheels, or the omissionof one wheel from the pair of wheels'in each carriage so as to operate in one direction only, will be within the spirit of the invention.

In use the main shaft and forming or winding tube are common to both sets of director wheels and the, di'fierent sets of wheels are used alternately to form the alternating layers of spirally and longitudinally disposed cords or threads, alternating layers pIrfefgre sired, the carriage for the director wheels applying the spiral layer can be made separable at I, so that it can be removed entirely if desired, while the longitudinal layer is being applied.

It is understood that the length of the teeth upon the ratchet wheels should correspond with the predetermined diameter of the cord or-thread and the number of teeth should correspond with the number of longitudinalrows of-cords or threads, which should be adapted to entirely cover the surface of the forming tube. It is also obvious that forming tubes of any diameter could be employed and that the fabric formed thereon could be removed by a longitudinal cut, and spread out intoa flat fabric, or by means of the longitudinally reciprocating carrier a flat fabric formed of longitudinal and transverse layers of cords or threads could be made upon a flat surface, if desired, both layers being made by a reciprocating carriage and director wheels without spiral winding, without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Having described the invention what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:

1. In a machine for laying cords or threads longitudinally and spirally upon a mandrel, in combination, with said mandrel, a traveling head, guide wheels thereon, adapted to receive and guide the cord or thread, a pair of director wheels, a rotatable support for said director wheels, pivotally mounted in said traveling head, means for adjustably securing said support in said head to bring said wheels into either the horizontal or vertical position, a spring tension for said director wheels on said head, a worm shaft and a screw threaded fine feed shaft adapted to be alternately connected in an operative manner with said traveling head, a bed-plate in which said shafts are mounted and means for rotating said shafts.

2. In a machine for laying a cord or thread in parallel rows upon a rotatable mandrel, in combination with the mandrel, a supportmg bed for the mandrel, means for continuously rotating said mandrel and for alternately giving an intermittent'periodical rotation thereto, a traveling head adapted to move parallel to said mandrel, a worm shaft passing through said head, adapted to give a quick movement thereto, a parallel screw threaded shaft adapted to give a slow movement thereto, means for alternately connecting said worm and screw threaded shafts operatively with said traveling head, director wheels, a support therefor secured in said traveling head for horizontal and vertical adjustment of said director wheels therein, said director wheels adapted to apply said cord or thread to said mandrel alternately in a longitudinal and spiral direction, means for rotating said shafts and for reversing the movements thereof, said reversing means for said worm shaft operatively connected with the said traveling head.

3. In a machine for forming a tubular fabric composed of coated cord or thread laid in parallel rows, the coatings thereof being adhesive whereby the rows adhere together, in combination, a rotatable member a pair of longitudinally movable director wheels for said coated cord or thread on a common plane, eonnnon guide wheels for direelor wheels adapted to deliver the cord orlln'ead alternately to both director wheels, means for rotating said rotatable member and for giving a. reciprocating movement to said (lireeto' and guide wheels relatively to said rotatable member.

4. In a device for forming a fabric composed of parallel rows of adhering coated cords or threads, a receiving member on which-said cords or threads are applied, a pair of director wheels on a common plane, common guide wheels for applying longitudinal and transverse layers of said cords or threads alternately to said director wheels, and instrumentalities for giving a reciprocating movement thereto, longitudinally of said receiving member.

5. In a machine for the purpose described the combination with a common shaft, and forming member rotatable therewith, of a carrier and a pair of director wheels adjacent to said forming member, adapted to apply a longitudinal layer of coated threads thereon, and a carrier and director and guide wheels adjacent to said forming member adapted to apply a transverse spiral layer thereon, mechanism for intermittently rotating said shaft and forming member in accordance with the movements of the director wheels for applying the longitudinal layer, and mechanism for continuously rotating said forming member to accord with the movements of said director wheels for applying said transversespiral layer, said intermittent .and continuous movements alternating in said machine.

6. In a machine for applying a longitudinal layer of adhesive cords upon a former, in combination with a rotatable forming member, a carrier longitudinally reciprocable thereof, a pair of spring pressed director wheels in line with each other in said carrier,

a guide wheel adapted to directthe cordsv alternately thereto, automatically acting means for moving said carrier and director wheels longitudinally of said former, and for reversing said movement and means for giving an intermittent rotary movement to said former timed to act as the carrier arrives. at the extremities of said forming member.

7 In a machine for applying a longitudinal layer, of cords or threads having adhesive coatings in parallel rows to a receiving member, the combination with said receiving member of a carrier, and a pair of horizontally placed. director wheels therein, of means for reciprocating said carrier longitudinally of said receiving member, for giving an intermittent rotary movement to adapted to receive the cord or thread as laid, said receiving member, holding devices for the ends of'the'severalfrows of cord or thread, adapted to act upon one row while the next adjacent row is being laid, and

means for releasing said holding device for readjustment thereof.

8. In an automatic machine for applying a longitudinal layer of cords or threads hav- Y ing adhesive coatings to a receiving member,

the combination with said receiving member of a carrier and a pair of director wheels reciprocable longitudinally of' said receiving member, means for reciprocating said carrier, means for giving an intermittent rotary movement to said receiving member, and a holding device adjustably secured at each end of the receiving member, and adapted to hold the end of one row while the adjacent row is being laid.

9. A carrier in combination with apair of grooved director wheels located therein on'one plane for a cord or thread, arspring pressed and adjustable supportforsaid d1- rector wheels, said support rotatable in said carrier and a guide wheel mounted in said I wheel, a longitudinal worm in said standard bearings, a carrier operated by said worm, director and guide wheels in said carrier, collars on said shifting rod adapted to be alternately engaged by said carrier, aratchet on said main shaft, automatically acting mechanism operatively connected with said shifting rod for moving said ratchet, where by an intermittent movement is given to said main shaft, and a holding finger at each end of said forming tube adapted to secure the 'endof one row of cord or thread while the Qreturn row is being laid.

11. In a machine for applying parallel rows of cord or thread having adhesive c0at'- ings to form a tubular layer, a rotatable receiving member on which said cord or thread is laid, said receiving member having an intermittent rotary movement, a carrier and director wheels therein longitudinally reciprocable relatively to said receiving member, a pivoted finger located adjacent to each end of said receiving member and adapted to secure the ends of each row of cord in turnwhile -the next row, is being laid, a depressible cam upon said carrier "ada ted to andrelease said fin er whi e the reverse movement of the earner is takingv place, andfto be depressed by saidfinger upon the return movement of said carr er. Y

12. In a machine of the character described for laying a longitudinal layer of cord or thread, the combination with a forming tube, said tube having an intermittent movement, of a carrierreciprocable longitudinally thereof, means for reciprocatin said carrier, a pair of director wheels in sai carrier movable therewith, and a finger adjacent to each end of said former, said finger adapted to normally rest upon the end of one row of said cord or thread, while the next adjacent row is being laid, means for giving an intermittent movement to said forming tube andfor simultaneously reversing the movement of the carrier, and a device in said carrier adapted to engage said finger and release the same while the carrier is at the end of a row, before the return movement takes place.

13. The combination with a rotary member having an intermittent movement and upon which a coated cord or thread is laid in parallel rows, a carrier and director wheels reciprocable longitudinally thereof, a pivoted spring pressed finger and support therefor adjacent to each end of said former,

and a depressible cam in said carrier,

said cam being provided with an inclined surface adapted toengage andrelease said finger when the carrier arrives at the end of the row, and also provided with a second cam surface engaged by said finger to depress said cam on the return movement of said carrier.

14. In combination with a receiving member, having an intermittent rotary movement and a carrier longitudinally reciprocable thereof, a spring ressed and pivoted finger and a'su'pport t erefor adjacent to the end of said receiving member, an adjustable block in said carrier and a cam depressibly mounted in said block, said cam provided with two faces, one face adapted to engage and release said finger when the carrier arrives at the end of its travel, and the other face adapted to be engaged by said finger on the return movement and to be depressed thereby.

15. In a machine for the purpose of applying-a longitudinal layer of coated and tenacious cords or threads in parallel rows to a receiving member, a main shaft in which said receiving member is mounted, said receiving member having an intermittent rotary movement, a carrier and director wheels thereon, saidcarrier having a longitudinal reciprocating movement relatively to said receiving member, a ratchet upon said main shaft, a spring actuated pawl for said ratchet, an adjustable cam adapted to en- In testimony whereof we hereunto set our gage said pawl, a shifting rod provided hands this 7th day of July 1908.

with collars adapted to be engaged by said EUGENE 1). C. BAYNE.

carrier at each end of its travel, and an arm LAVVRENGE A. SUBERS. 5 thereon adapted to move said arm to engage In presence ofand release said cam, substantially as de- El). G. PEET,

scribed. A. T. OsBoRN. 

